Conspiracy of AFGHANISTAN

 

Darius I and Alexander the Great were the first conquerors to visit Afghanistan, followed by Muslim invaders in the seventh century, Genghis Khan (13^th century) and Tamerlane (14th century). Four hundred years later, the “great game” between England and RUSSIA for control of central Asia sparked three Afghan Wars (1839–42, 1878–80, and 1919).

Britain was victorious, granting Afghani independence in 1919, and the monarchy of Emir Amanullah was founded in 1926.

The Afghan front remained peaceful until the cold war prompted King Mohammed Zahir Shah to accept financial aid from the Soviet Union.



A royal cousin, Mohammed Daud Khan, dethroned the king in 1973 and was himself unseated by rival Noor

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Taraki five years later. Taraki and successor Babrak Karmal tried to establish a Communist state, but Islamic rebels (mujahideen) violently opposed the move. Fearing defeat, Karmal requested Soviet military aid; Moscow responded with a full-scale invasion in December 1979.

Enter the United States, with heavy covert aid for the mujahideen (whose ranks included Osama bin Laden and the future leaders of AL-QAEDA). Armed and trained by the CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (CIA) and U.S. Special Forces, financed in equal parts by U.S. aid and international HEROIN sales, the mujahideen waged bloody guerrilla war against the Russians until April 1988, when diplomats from the United States, the Soviet Union, Afghanistan, and PAKISTAN agreed to cut off foreign support for Afghani combatants. Russian troops withdrew in February 1989, leaving the pro-Soviet regime of President Najibullah in nominal command of the nation. Islamic rebels deposed Najibullah in April 1992 and then turned on each other as rival drug dealing warlords battled for supremacy. Amid the chaos, a group of extreme Muslim fundamentalists (the Taliban) seized the capital in September 1996 and imposed a system of religious statutes that included death by stoning for adultery and severing of hands for theft. By 1998 the Taliban controlled 90 percent of Afghanistan, though its regime was recognized only by Pakistan, SAUDI ARABIA, and the United Arab Emirates.

Global isolation made Afghanistan a fertile breeding ground for radical groups and heroin smugglers Bin Laden and al-Qaeda used Afghanistan as a launching pad for acts of TERRORISM, culminating in the PENTTBOM attacks of September 11, 2001, whereupon President George W. Bush invaded the country and unseated the Taliban regime (missing bin Laden in the process). U.S. conduct during that military action—dubbed “Operation Enduring Freedom”—remains highly controversial. Several hundred Afghan prisoners of war were transferred to a U.S. military base in Cuba, where they remain today without criminal charges being filed; the White

House refuses to identify the captives. One prisoner who was released, Pakistani national Mohammad Sagheer, claimed in November 2002 that some 7,000 POWs died in U.S. custody before or during transportation to the mysterious “Camp X-Ray” in Cuba.

Meanwhile, military action continues in “liberated" Afghanistan, where a U.S. air strike killed 50 members of a wedding party in Oruzgan Province in 2002. Another tragic “accident” occurred in April 2003 when American planes bombed a residential district in eastern Afghanistan, killing 11 civilians.

Curiously, while U.S. spokesmen claimed that suppression of Afghanistan’s heroin network was a major secondary goal of Operation Enduring Freedom, drug smuggling has increased dramatically since the U.S. invasion in 2001. By February 2002

Afghanistan supplied an estimated 75 percent of the world’s total heroin supply, and 90 percent of all heroin found in Great Britain. According to various sources including the UNITED NATIONS, Afghan heroin production decreased by 91 percent under Taliban rule and then soared again in the wake of the U.S invasion, until Afghanistan surpassed MYANMAR as the world’s foremost producer of opium and its illicit derivatives.

U.S. authorities have no comment on the curious trend, except to note (in May 2003) that “most of the heroin that winds up in New York City comes from COLOMBIA.” Critical observers note disturbing parallels between Afghanistan and VIETNAM, where CIA agents and their warlord clients collaborated on heroin smuggling throughout the 1960s.

The situation remained volatile in the first half of 2005 when an unsubstantiated report in Newsweek claimed that U.S. soldiers had desecrated copies of the Koran at the Guantánamo Bay prison camp in order to intimidate prisoners. The article sparked riots in Afghanistan and other parts of the Muslim world that resulted in several deaths and extensive property destruction. Newsweek later retracted the article when no evidence could be located to backup the claim and it appeared their initial source was unreliable. Much of the Muslim world reacted to the retraction with skepticism.